The Kings and Queens of Egypt

  •  Senusret III

     

    Khakaure Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Wikipedia

     

     

     

  • Was he the pharaoh of who imprisoned Joseph and later made him the vizer of Egypt?

 

Amenemhat III The pharaoh of Joseph? Reign 1839 BC to ?

 

Amenemhat III, also known as Amenemhet III, was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the sixth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Wikipedia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 If the Exodus occurred in 1446 BC  and the Israelites spent 400 or 430 years in Egypt then they would have arrived there in 1846 or 1876 BC.   The pharaoh then would have been Senuset lll or his son, Amenemhat lll.   This would have been when Joseph arrived in Egypt.  Most likely Senuset lll was the pharaoh who had Joseph put in prison.   But his son, Amenemhat lll was co-regent with him in th

e 20th year of his reign.  BUT Amenemhat lll would have been only 2 years old if that's the case.  The Hyksos invasion and conquering of North Egypt happened while the Israelites were in Goshen, Egypt.

Salitas   Reign ca 1650 BC In the Manethonian tradition, Salitis (Greek Σάλιτις, also Salatis or Saites) was the first Hyksos king, the one who subdued and ruled Lower Egypt and founded the 15th Dynasty.

 

 

 

 

 

Sakir-Har (also Seker-Har and Skr-Hr) was a Hyksos king of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling over some part of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, possibly in the early 16th century BC 

Khyan 

 

Khyan's seat of power was located in Avaris, which hosted a strongly fortified palace.[9] Seal impressions of Khyan and a stela of his eldest son, prince Yanassi,[10][11] were found in two areas of the city during excavations, confirming his presence onsite.[12] The palace, possibly destroyed during the later conquest of the Hyksos' kingdom by the Thebans under Ahmose I,[note 2] comprised a high platform built on massive brick casemates surrounded by columned halls and monumental staircases leading to a still higher platform, on which the royal apartments probably stood.[9] This palace seems to have been abandoned c. 1600 BC, at which point an enormous ritual feast was orchestrated, filling several 5 m (16 ft) wide pits with animal bones and thousands of pottery fragments in consequence. Some of these fragments came from an array of vessels produced by the Kerma culture, a Nubian kingdom and Hyksos' ally during the Second Intermediate Period.[14] The Egyptologist Manfred Bietak proposes that the ritual feast and abandonment of the palace were triggered by the death of its owner,[15] most probably Khyan.[16][17] On the western edge of Avaris, another fortress was subsequently erected in the later Hyksos period c. 1560-1530 BC, likely under Khyan's successor Apepi.[15]

East of Avaris, the Hyksos controlled the massive 350 m × 400 m (1,150 ft × 1,310 ft) fortress of Tjaru on the road to Sinai and Canaan, where stelae of the Hyksos king Apepi were uncovered.[18]

According to Manfred Bietak, Khyan's rule marks the peak of the Hyksos kingdom power.[19] In this view, Khyan directly ruled over Lower and Middle Egypt up to Cusae and indirectly dominated the Nile Valley as far south as Thebes,[20] forcing native Egyptian kingdoms including those of the 16th and Abydos Dynasty into vassal states.[21] At the time of Khyan, relations between the Hyksos and their Egyptian vassals were likely peaceful, centered on exchange and trade and possibly even including donations to Upper Egyptian sanctuaries, such as one in Gebelein, were blocks inscribed with Khyan's name were uncovered.[22] All of this is contested however. For Alexander Ilin-Tomich, the territory directly ruled by the Hyksos kings of Avaris was likely confined to the eastern Delta and the nature and extent of their control over Middle Egypt remains unclear.[23]

 

 

 

 

 

Apepi    Reign 1575 BC – 1540 BC[1]

Rather than building his own monuments, Apepi generally usurped the monuments of previous pharaohs by inscribing his own name over two sphinxes of Amenemhat II and two statues of Imyremeshaw.[16] Apepi is thought to have usurped the throne of northern Egypt after the death of his predecessor, Khyan, since the latter had designated his son, Yanassi, to be his successor on the throne as a foreign ruler.[17] He was succeeded by Khamudi, the last Hyksos ruler. Ahmose I, who drove out the Hyksos kings from Egypt, established the 18th Dynasty.[16]

In the Ramesside era, Apepi is recorded as worshiping Seth in a monolatric way: "[He] chose for his Lord the god Seth. He didn't worship any other deity in the whole land except Seth." Jan Assmann argues that because the Ancient Egyptians could never conceive of a "lonely" god lacking personality, Seth the desert god, who was worshiped exclusively, represented a manifestation of evil;[18] and scholars generally believe the account of Apepi's alleged monotheism is a veiled condemnation of the more infamous attempt by the later pharaoh Akhenaten to elevate the status of his patron sun god, Aten.[19]

There is some discussion in Egyptology concerning whether Apepi also ruled Upper Egypt. There are indeed several objects with the king's name most likely coming from Thebes and Upper Egypt. These include a dagger with the name of the king bought on the art market in Luxor. There is an axe of unknown provenance where the king is called beloved of Sobek, lord of Sumenu. Sumenu is nowadays identified with Mahamid Qibli, about 24 kilometers south of Thebes and there is a fragment of a stone vessel found in a Theban tomb. For all these objects it is arguable that they were traded to Upper Egypt.[20] More problematic is a block with the king's name found at Gebelein. The block had been taken as evidence for building activity of the king in Upper Egypt and, hence, seen as proof that the Hyksos also ruled in Upper Egypt. However, the block is not very big and many scholars argue today, that it might have reached Gebelein after the looting of the Hyksos capital and is no proof of a Hyksos reign in Upper Egypt.[21]

 

Khamudi   He was the last Hyksos king and was defeated by Ahmose l Khamudi (also known as Khamudy) was the last Hyksos ruler of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Khamudi came to power in 1534 BC[2] or 1541 BC,[3] ruling the northern portion of Egypt from his capital Avaris.[3] His ultimate defeat at the hands of Ahmose I, after a short reign, marks the end of the Second Intermediate Period.[4]

The Thera Volcanic eruption is thought to have occurred c1600 or 1550 BC.   This was the largest volcano eruption ever seen by humans.  The location was the Greek island Santorini.  The effect was world wide and is thought to be the cause of many of the biblical calamities..  This one, however, was later than the cause of the famine in Joseph's time. 

Ahmose l 

Reignc. 25 years in the mid 16th century BC[note 1] (Egyptian chronology) (disputed)
25 years and 4 months in Manetho

PredecessorKamose (Upper Egypt)
Khamudi (Lower Egypt)

SuccessorAmenhotep Ishow

ConsortAhmose-Nefertari, God's Wife of Amun, Ahmose-Sitkamose, Ahmose-Henuttamehu, Kasmut, Thenthapi

ChildrenAhmose-Meritamun
Ahmose-Sitamun
Siamun
Ahmose-ankh
Amenhotep I
Ramose
Mutnofret

FatherSeqenenre Tao

MotherAhhotep I

Diedc. 1525 BC

18th Dynasty

Reign is disputed, but if his successors reign began in 1525 BC and his reign was for 25 years then his reign would be 1550 - 1525 BC.

During his reign, Ahmose completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the Nile Delta, restored Theban rule over the whole of Egypt and successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan.[28] He then reorganized the administration of the country, reopened quarries, mines and trade routes and began massive construction projects of a type that had not been undertaken since the time of the Middle Kingdom. This building program culminated in the construction of the last pyramid built by native Egyptian rulers. Ahmose's reign laid the foundations for the New Kingdom, under which Egyptian power reached its peak. His reign is usually dated to the mid-16th century BC.

He would have been the pharaoh when Moses was born c1528 BC,  The royal princess who found the baby Moses was one the three daughters of Ahmose.  Ahmose-Meritamun,  Ahmose-Sitamun   and      Mutnofret

Ahmose l was also the pharaoh who did not know the Israelites and made them slaves.  

It's probable that he was the pharaoh when the the Santorini volcano erupted. 

 

 

 

Ahmose l expels the Hyksos

Excavations at Tel Habuwa, thought to be ancient Tjaru, reveal evidence of the expulsion of the Hyksos by Ahmose I at the end of the Second Intermediate Period.

“After the conclusion of the treaty they left with their families and chattels, not fewer than two hundred and forty thousand people, and crossed the desert into Syria. Fearing the Assyrians, who dominated over Asia at that time, they built a city in the country which we now call Judea. It was large enough to contain this great number of men and was called Jerusalem.”
–Josephus, Against Apion 1.73.7, quoting Manetho’s Aegyptiaca

In the Second Intermediate Period (18th–16th centuries B.C.E.), towards the end of the Middle Bronze Age, the West Asian (Canaanite) Hyksos controlled Lower (Northern) Egypt. In the 16th century, Ahmose I overthrew the Hyksos and initiated the XVIII dynasty and the New Kingdom of Egypt.

Archaeological discoveries at Tel Habuwa (also known as Tell el-Habua or Tell-Huba), a site associated with ancient Tjaru (Tharo), shed light on Ahmose’s campaign. A daybook entry in the famous Rhind Mathematical Papyrus notes that Ahmose seized control of Tjaru before laying siege the Hyksos at their capital in Avaris.

Excavations at the site, located two miles east of the Suez Canal, have uncovered evidence of battle wounds on skeletons discovered in two-story administrative structures dating to the Hyksos and New Kingdom occupations. The site showed evidence of burned buildings, as well as massive New Kingdom grain silos that would have been able to feed a large number of Egyptian troops. After Ahmose took the city and defeated the Hyksos, he expanded the town and built several nearby forts to protect Egypt’s eastern border. Tjaru was first discovered in 2003, but until now, the excavation only uncovered the New Kingdom military fort and silos. This new discovery confirms a decisive moment in the expulsion of the Hyksos previously known from textual sources.

 

Amenhotep l 

Reign1525–1504 BC (disputed), 20 years and 7 months in Manetho[1]

PredecessorAhmose I

SuccessorThutmose Ishow

Consort Ahmose-Meritamun, Sitkamose?

Children Amenemhat (died young), possibly Ahmose

Father Ahmose I

MotherAhmose-Nefertari

Died1506 or 1504

 Dynasty  18th Dynasty

He was a son of Ahmose I and Ahmose-Nefertari, but had at least two elder brothers, Ahmose-ankh and Ahmose Sapair, and was not expected to inherit the throne. However, sometime in the eight years between Ahmose I's 17th regnal year and his death, his heir apparent died and Amenhotep became crown prince.[7] He then acceded to the throne and ruled for about 21 years.[

This is Thutmose l  Thutmose I's reign is generally dated to 1506–1493 BC, but a minority of scholars—who think that astrological observations used to calculate the timeline of ancient Egyptian records, and thus the reign of Thutmose I, were taken from the city of Memphis rather than from Thebes—would date his reign to 1526–1513 BC.[3][4] He was succeeded by his son Thutmose II, who in turn was succeeded by Thutmose II's sister, Hatshepsut.

Moses was born c1528 BC so Thutmose l father, Amenhotep l, would have been the pharoah.at Moses' birth.  Ahmose was the daughter of Amenhotep l and she could have been the princess who found the baby Moses in a basket floating and adopted him into the royal household.

This is Thutmose ll 

Reign13 yrs (disputed), 1493–1479 BC (low chronology), 1513–1499 BC (highchronology)  Predecessor  Thutmose l

ISuccessorHatshepsut

ConsortHatshepsut, Iset

ChildrenThutmose III, 

Neferure

FatherThutmose I

MotherMutnofret

BornC.1510 BC      Died1479 BC (aged 31)

Dynasty18th Dynasty

Thutmose II was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, and his reign is generally dated from 1493 to 1479 BC (low chronology). He is a less known Pharaoh of which we know little, overshadowed by his father Thutmose I, wife Hatshepsut, and son Thutmose III. He died around the age of 30 and his body was found in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

As the Pharaoh of the Exodus

Thutmose II is one of the more popular candidates for the Biblical story of the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Alfred Edersheim proposes in his Old Testament Bible History that Thutmose II is best qualified to be the pharaoh of Exodus based on the fact that he had a brief, prosperous reign and then a sudden collapse with no son (except for Thutmose III) to succeed him. His widow Hatshepsut then became first Regent (for Thutmose III) then Pharaoh in her own right. Edersheim states that Thutmose II is the only Pharaoh's mummy to display cysts, possible evidence of plagues that spread through the Egyptian and Hittite Empires at that time.[34] Additionally, when the chronologies given in the Bible are understood at face value, the Exodus would have occurred in 1497 BC, roughly corresponding to the generally-accepted dates of Thutmose's reign

This is Hatshepsut

Reignc. 1478/9 – 1458 BC

PredecessorThutmose II

SuccessorThutmose III

ConsortThutmose II

ChildrenNeferure[2]

FatherThutmose I

MotherAhmoseBornc. 1507 BC[3]

Died1458 BC (aged 50)])

Dynasty18th Dynasty

Hatshepsut, also spelled Hatchepsut, female king of Egypt (reigned in her own right c. 1473–58 BCE) who attained unprecedented power for a woman, adopting the full titles and regalia of a pharaoh.

Hatshepsut, the elder daughter of the 18th-dynasty king Thutmose I and his consort Ahmose, was married to her half brother Thutmose II, son of the lady Mutnofret. Since three of Mutnofret’s older sons had died prematurely, Thutmose II inherited his father’s throne about 1492 BCE, with Hatshepsut as his consort. Hatshepsut bore one daughter, Neferure, but no son. When her husband died about 1479 BCE, the throne passed to his son Thutmose III, born to Isis, a lesser harem queen. As Thutmose III was an infant, Hatshepsut acted as regent for the young king.

This is Thutmose lll.

Reign1479 – 1425 BC

Predecessor Hatshepsut

Successor Amenhotep IIshow

ConsortSatiah,[2] Hatshepsut-Meryetre, Nebtu, Menwi, Merti, Menhet, Nebsemi

ChildrenAmenemhat, Amenhotep II, Beketamun, Iset, Menkheperre, Meryetamun, Meryetamun, Nebetiunet, Nefertiri, Siamun[2

]FatherThutmose II

MotherIset

Born1481 BC

Died1425 BC (aged 56)

18th Dynasty

His story fits with Exodus happening in 1446 BC. His stepmother was Hatshepsut and was possibly the Pharaohs daughter who discovered the baby Moses and adopted hem. That would have been Thutmose ll. Thutmose lll first son predeceased him which fits the 10th plague. Thutmose lll was constantly fighting and conquering other lands but had no military campaigns after 1446 BC. Maybe because he lost most of his army in the Red Sea. If this all correct then Moses was born around 1566 BC and Joseph, his brothers and his father, Jacob came to Egypt around 1880 BC. The problem with this scenario is that IF Hatshepsut was the princess who saved Moses then Thutmose lll would have been pharaoh who banished Moses and the next pharaoh, Amenhotep II would have been the Exodus pharaoh. But Amenhotep II's reign doesn't fit with the Exodus story. In fact Amenhotep II was the 2nd son of Thutmose lll whose older brother had died. <--- 10th plague

 

Thutmose III, sometimes called Thutmose the Great, was the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Officially, Thutmose III ruled Egypt for almost 54 years and his reign is usually dated from 28 April 1479 BC to 11 March 1425 BC, from the age of two and until his death at age fifty-six; however, during the first 22 years of his reign, he was coregent with his stepmother and... Wikipedia

 

 

 

The Minoan Eruption:  

 

Location of the Thera volcano

 

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